CLEAN THE AIR
IN YOUR HOME
WITH HOUSE PLANTS
CLEAN THE AIR
IN YOUR HOME
WITH HOUSE PLANTS
Written by: B.C. "Bill" Wolverton, Ph.D.Science is now catching up with what gardeners have known for decades -- that is, growing plants can relieve stresswhile helping to clean the environment. Gardening has become the number one leisure activity in the United Statesand Canada, surpassing even sports. A growing body of research shows that cultivating plants indoors and outdoorsmay be the best medicine available for improving mental and physical well-being at any age.
Although "green building" is becoming an attractive concept to building managers and building occupants, the use ofliving plants is not part of the present concept. Architects and engineers are beginning to design buildings with aneye toward low-emitting carpets, paints and furniture. This is good but should only be the first step. A further stepshould include the design of houseplants into each building, mimicking the earth�s natural processes.
Benefits from our botanical friends
Benefits derived from our botanical friends include a wide range of psychological and physiological effects. Studiesconducted on plant/people interactions have provided overwhelming evidence that plants do indeed have ameasurable beneficial effect on people and the spaces they inhabit.
Plants not only add beauty to a room, but also make it a friendly, inviting place to live or work. Plants symbolizefriendship and appear to have a calming, spiritual effect on most people. This perhaps explains why plants play suchan important role in human events such as weddings, funerals, holidays, hospital stays and birthdays.
Plants are also used as background props for most important events such as television addresses, commercials, etc.People feel relaxed when they are near or tending to living plants. Corporations install interior landscaping to increaseworker productivity and decrease absenteeism. Elite hotels, restaurants and other businesses use plants to helpentice customers to their establishments.
During early manned space flights, NASA astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts expressed a desire to have plants onboard their space vehicles. Plants can help reduce stressful conditions inside cramped space capsules duringlong-duration flights.
Nature�s bio-cleaning machines
In the past, houseplants were sought only for their beauty and psychological value. Thanks to NASA researchfindings, houseplants now have a third value. Studies conducted in the early 1980s at the John C. Stennis SpaceCenter in Mississippi provided evidence that houseplants can also improve indoor air quality. The ability ofhouseplants to improve indoor air quality and one�s health is no longer a matter of conjecture � it�s scientific fact.
Plants and their root microbes are nature�s biological cleaning machines. It is commonly understood that plants purifyand revitalize the earth�s air and water. In general, we know that the animal/plant/microbial world is harmoniouslybalanced so that each benefits from the other. We are dependent upon these interactions for our existence.
We are just now beginning to understand some of the mechanisms that create these symbiotic relationships.Approximately 42 species of interior plants have been evaluated for their ability to remove various indoor aircontaminants from sealed chambers. Hundreds of experiments have been conducted and technical reports publishedthat seek to answer legitimate concerns about placing plants in buildings for the specific purpose of improving indoorair quality.
After more than ten years of extensive research (both laboratory and �real-world), we now have a basicunderstanding of how plants function to remove indoor pollutants. Research conducted by Wolverton EnvironmentalServices, Inc. and supported by the Plants for Clean Air Council in Mitchellville, Maryland, continues to expand on theresearch begun at NASA. Specifically, we are trying to understand how plants clean and revitalize the air and how touse this knowledge to improve indoor air quality.
Plants use ingenious methods to obtain food and protect themselves from would-be enemies. Each plant has theability to culture microbes on and around its roots specific for its needs. These microbes biodegrade and mineralize(compost) dead leaves, animal waste, tannic and humic acids and other debris to provide nutrients for the microbesand their host plant. This is basis of organic gardening.
Geographic locations and environmental conditions of the plant�s origin determine which microbes it cultures. Forexample, the microbes associated with plants that evolved underneath the canopy of tropical rainforests (mosthouseplants) differ from those in arid environments. Tropical plants need aggressive microbes that can rapidly recyclejungle debris. Because rainforests are dark, warm and humid, mold and bacteria thrive.
Tropical plants excrete substances that protect their leaves from airborne molds and mildew. When these plantspecies are placed in an indoor environment, they continue to suppress airborne mold spores. Because chemicalpollutants commonly found indoors such as formaldehyde, benzene and xylene have structures similar to componentsfound in tannic and humic acids, microbes adapt to biodegrade these chemicals also. Thus, the basis for plants�ability to improve indoor air quality is established.
Humidity: the basics
Plants use two well known processes to move chemicals in the air to their roots: Leaves absorb certain chemicals inthe air and transport them inside plant tissue down to the roots, and plants pull air down around their roots whenmoisture is emitted from leaves during transpiration.
Plants with high transpiration rates are able to move greater amounts of air. Therefore, the more efficient air cleanersare plants with high transpiration rates. Plant transpiration rates are controlled by humidity. Plants attempt tobalance humidity levels for their optimum well-being by controlled release of moisture from their leaves. Whenhumidity is high, plants emit less moisture into the air then when humidity is low.
Early critics complained that too many plants in buildings would cause the humidity levels to rise and support thegrowth of mold and mildew. However, findings proved otherwise. Low humidity, most prevalent during winter months,dries the respiratory system and makes one more susceptible to colds, viruses and allergens. Ideally, humidity shouldrange between 40 to 60 percent. Plants produce healthy, microbial-free moisture.
Mechanical humidifiers, when not properly maintained, can become a source of mold and mildew.When plants transpire, they not only add moisture to the air but also emit substances that help suppress airbornemold spores and bacteria. Although these substances are yet to be identified, we do understand their function.Recent findings show that plant-filled rooms contained 50 to 60 percent fewer airborne mold and bacteria than roomswith no plants. Interestingly, air in the plant-filled rooms had fewer microbes, even when temperature and humiditylevels were raised � the exact opposite effect predicted by some critics.
Ironically, some doctors advise their allergy patients to avoid house plants. House plants have been falsely accusedof harboring mold spores. The real problem is usually overwatering and the growth of mold on wet carpeting. To avoidthese problems, use hydroponic (soil-less) methods in water-tight plants to grow house plants. If potting soil is used,cover it with aquarium gravel and feed and water from the bottom to keep the surface dry. There are also manycommercial sub-irrigation systems available. When large planters are used, the need for frequent watering can beeliminated.
Healthy air for your home
As a general guide, two or more medium to large plants (14"-16" containers) per 100 square feet of area arerecommended. Of course, more plants and larger plants would certainly increase effectiveness.
Plants alone may not be the total solution when serious indoor air quality problems exist. Proper source management(allowing building materials and furnishings to vent volatile fumes before installation), complete air distribution andpreventive maintenance are all components of a healthy building.
Fan-assisted planter/air filters
Fan-assisted planter/filters may be needed to rapidly remove pollutants from the air. Once the biological mechanismsof plants were understood, it was only natural to merge man and nature�s technologies. By combining the mosteffective air filtering media, mechanical air flow devices and living plants, WES Inc. has developed a family ofenhanced plant/air filters. These aesthetically designed, patented planter units not only increase the air purificationcapacity of houseplants by as much as 200 times but also help maintain healthy indoor humidity levels.
One of the unique properties of this natural air purification is that under normal operating conditions, the filteringmedia is bioregenerated (self-cleaned) by the plant�s root microbes. Therefore, the filter media does not requireperiodic replacement, as is the case with other commercial air filters.
We should all breathe easier knowing our beautiful house plants are working so hard to keep us healthy!
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